In the last decade, lipid based emulsions (LEs) have emerged as a novel tool in ophthalmic
drug delivery from the aspect of improved bioavailability (BA). Recent research is focuses on …

Histopathology of the eye is an essential part of ocular toxicity evaluation. There are
structural variations of the eye among several laboratory animals commonly used in toxicity …

Optogenetic gene therapies offer a promising strategy for restoring vision to patients with
retinal degenerative diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Several clinical trials have …

In clinics, therapeutic proteins are commonly used to treat retinal diseases through
intraocular injection, the treatment which suffers from rather low patient compliance. Topical …

The liver is known to be the principal site of drug metabolism. Depending on the route of
administration, especially in cases of topical and local delivery, evaluation of local drug …

The eye is a complex organ with a series of anatomic barriers that provide protection from
physical and chemical injury while maintaining homeostasis and function. The physiology of …

Ocular toxicity studies are the bedrock of nonclinical ocular drug and drug–device
development, and there has been an evolution in experience, technologies, and challenges …

Hearing loss constitutes a major global health concern impacting approximately 1.5 billion
people worldwide. Its incidence is undergoing a substantial surge with some projecting that …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) cause fewer toxicities than conventional chemotherapy.
Although most of the immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are mild, reversible, and …

Uveitis is a group of sight-threatening ocular inflammatory disorders, whose mainstay of
therapy is associated with severe adverse events, prompting the investigation of alternative …