Cell death was once believed to be the result of one of two distinct processes, apoptosis
(also known as programmed cell death) or necrosis (uncontrolled cell death); in recent …

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles with roles in processes involved in degrading
and recycling cellular waste, cellular signalling and energy metabolism. Defects in genes …

Cells constantly adapt their metabolism to meet their energy needs and respond to nutrient
availability. Eukaryotes have evolved a very sophisticated system to sense low cellular ATP …

Autophagy is an essential cellular mechanism which plays “housekeeping” role in normal
physiological processes including removing of long lived, aggregated and misfolded …

Abstract LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) is a process wherein elements of autophagy
conjugate LC3 to phagosomal membranes. We characterize the molecular requirements for …

Autophagy (self-eating) is a conserved cellular degradation process that plays important
roles in maintaining homeostasis and preventing nutritional, metabolic, and infection …

Selective autophagy ensures recognition and removal of various cytosolic cargos. Hence,
aggregated proteins, damaged organelles, or pathogens are enclosed into the double …

Introduction: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an alkalinizing lysosomatropic drug that
accumulates in lysosomes where it inhibits some important functions by increasing the pH …

Pathogen‐associated molecular pattern molecules (PAMP s) are derived from
microorganisms and recognized by pattern recognition receptor (PRR)‐bearing cells of the …

Appropriate autophagy has protective effects on ischemic nerve tissue, while excessive
autophagy may cause cell death. The inflammatory response plays an important role in the …