Main conclusion This review highlights the most recent updated information available about
Zn phytotoxicity at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels, uptake mechanisms as …

Several recent studies have shown that citric acid/citrate (CA) can confer abiotic stress
tolerance to plants. Exogenous CA application leads to improved growth and yield in crop …

Modern agriculture relies on mineral fertilization. Unlike other major macronutrients,
potassium (K+) is not incorporated into organic matter but remains as soluble ion in the cell …

Heavy metals in agricultural soils exist in diverse dissolved (free cations and complexed
species of positive, neutral, or negative charges), particulate (sorbed, structural, and …

Sugar transport across tonoplasts is essential for maintaining cellular sugar homeostasis
and metabolic balance in plant cells. It remains unclear, however, how this process is …

In fleshy fruits, organic acids are the main source of fruit acidity and play an important role in
regulating osmotic pressure, pH homeostasis, stress resistance, and fruit quality. The …

Malic acid accumulation in the vacuole largely determines acidity and perception of
sweetness of apple. It has long been observed that reduction in malate level is associated …

Acquisition and homeostasis of micronutrients such as iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) pose specific
challenges. Poor solubility and high reactivity require controlled synthesis and supply of …

Potassium (K) is an essential nutrient, but levels of the free K ions (K+) in soil are often
limiting, imposing a constant stress on plants. We have discovered a calcium (Ca2+) …

In this glossary of plant cell structures, we asked experts to summarize a present-day view of
plant organelles and structures, including a discussion of outstanding questions. In the …