We present a synthesis of empirical and theoretical work investigating how parasites
influence competitive and predatory interactions between other species. We examine the …

Ecologists have historically represented consumer–resource interactions with boxes and
arrows. A key assumption of this conceptualization is that all individuals inside a box are …

Mutualistic interactions among plants and animals have played a paramount role in shaping
biodiversity. Yet the majority of studies on mutualistic interactions have involved only a few …

Apex predators have experienced catastrophic declines throughout the world as a result of
human persecution and habitat loss. These collapses in top predator populations are …

Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach, Fifth Edition provides the most updated and
comprehensive knowledge of the diversity of insect responses to environmental changes …

Comparative research on food web structure has revealed generalities in trophic
organization, produced simple models, and allowed assessment of robustness to species …

Single trophic‐level studies of the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem
functioning highlight the importance of mechanisms such as resource partitioning …

The concept of trophic levels is one of the oldest in ecology and informs our understanding
of energy flow and top‐down control within food webs, but it has been criticized for ignoring …

Competition is a widespread interaction among carnivores, ultimately manifested through
one or more dimensions of the species' ecological niche. One of the most explicit …

Shallow lakes, the most abundant lake type in the world, are very sensitive to climatic
changes. The structure and functioning of shallow lakes are greatly impacted by submerged …