Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models are created by engraftment of patient tumor tissues
into immunocompetent mice. Since a PDX model retains the characteristics of the primary …

The increase in the life expectancy of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the last
decade is due to changes that have occurred in the area of preclinical studies …

Background Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a heterogeneous disease comprising
histologically defined subtypes. For therapy selection, precise subtype identification and …

Background Patient-derived organoids and xenografts (PDXs) have emerged as powerful
models in functional diagnostics with high predictive power for anticancer drug response …

Establishing appropriate preclinical models is essential for cancer research. Evidence
suggests that cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease. This follows the growing use of …

Lack of appropriate models that recapitulate the complexity and heterogeneity of urological
tumours precludes most of the preclinical reagents that target urological tumours from …

Modeling renal cell carcinoma is critical to investigating tumor biology and therapeutic
mechanisms. Multiple systems have been developed to represent critical components of the …

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the third type of urologic cancer. At time of
diagnosis, 30% of cases are metastatic with no effect of chemotherapy or radiotherapy …

Preclinical knowledge of dysregulated pathways and potential biomarkers for urological
cancers has undergone limited translation into the clinic. Moreover, the low approval rate of …

Renal cell cancer (RCC) has become a prototype example of the extensive intratumor
heterogeneity and clonal evolution of human cancers. However, there is little direct evidence …