Illicit drugs such as amphetamines, cocaine, marijuana, and opiates alter immune function
and decrease host resistance to microbes in vitro and in experimental animal models …

Opiate drug abuse, through selective actions at μ opioid receptors (MOR), exacerbates the
pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) in the CNS by disrupting glial …

To assess the role of CC-chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5)/RANTES in opiate drug abuse and
human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) comorbidity, the effects of systemic morphine …

The pharmacological actions of morphine and morphine-like drugs, such as heroin, mediate
primarily through the μ-opioid receptor (MOR). It has been proposed that the functional …

Opioid drugs, including morphine, are largely used as pain control in cancer patients at
different stages of neoplastic growth and progression. Therefore, the possible influence of …

We previously reported that the 34-bp cis-acting element of the mouse μ opioid receptor
(MOR) gene represses transcription of the MOR gene from the distal promoter. Using a yeast …

The 5′-flanking region of the mouse μ opioid receptor (MOR) gene has two promoters,
referred to as distal and proximal. MOR mRNA is predominantly initiated by the proximal …

Opioid receptors (OR) are involved in many physiological and pathological immune
functions. During recent years, the treatment of opiate addiction with methadone in HIV …

Immunoregulatory cytokines may regulate the resistance or susceptibility of a host to
retroviral infection. These cytokines may be therapeutically modulated to prevent or limit the …

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) have
been shown to compartmentalize within various tissues, including the brain. However, the …