Females greatly outnumber males as sufferers of chronic pain. Although social and
psychological factors certainly play a role in the differences in prevalence and incidence …

Background. Studies suggest that testosterone (TT) replacement may have an
antidepressant effect in depressed patients. Objective. The objective of this study was to …

Estrogen is thought to contribute to the increased frequency of autoimmune disorders
occurring in females, but a molecular basis for its effects on autoimmunity remains to be …

Health research has failed to adequately explore the combination of social and biological
sources of differences in men's and women's health. Consequently, scientific explanations …

The autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are complex diseases that are caused by an
interaction between susceptibility genes and environmental triggers. Genetic susceptibility …

The female steroid hormones, estrogen and progesterone, are prescribed widely by
physicians, and their risks and benefits have been studied extensively. Although androgen …

Recent advances in human life history theory have provided new insights into the potential
selection pressures that were instrumental in the evolution of human and non‐human …

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) plays major roles in coordination of the stress
response and regulation of the immune/inflammatory reaction, two important functions …

The effects of pregnancy were studied in a multiple sclerosis incidence cohort. In order to
eliminate interaction bias between the disease and pregnancy, analysis of the risk of relapse …

BACKGROUND: The higher risk of women developing autoimmune diseases suggests that
immune system is mediated by sex steroids. OBJECTIVE: To review the effects of aging and …