The transition from acute to chronic pain is an ongoing major problem for individuals, society
and healthcare systems around the world. It is clear chronic pain is a complex …

Menthol is an important flavoring additive that triggers a cooling sensation. Under
physiological condition, low to moderate concentrations of menthol activate transient …

ABSTRACT Nociceptive Transient Receptor Potential channels such as TRPV1 are targets
for treating pain. Both antagonism and agonism of TRP channels can promote analgesia …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in regulating various physiological
functions by activating specific ion channels to mediate cell growth, proliferation …

G protein-coupled receptor kinase type 2 (GRK2) and β-arrestin2 are representative proteins
that regulate the transduction and trafficking of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) …

Humans have used opioids to suppress moderate to severe pain for thousands of years.
However, the long-term use of opioids has several adverse effects, such as opioid tolerance …

Key points We have previously shown that carotid body stimulation by lysophosphatidic acid
elicits a reflex stimulation of vagal efferent activity sufficient to cause bronchoconstriction in …

Opioids still appear to be most promising among current approaches in the development of
analgesics. Basic knowledge about pathophysiology of clinical pain and novel insights in …

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients report severe function-induced
pain at the site of the primary tumor. The current hypothesis is that oral cancer pain is …

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder characterized by
recurring abdominal pain and disturbed bowel habits. The aetiology of IBS is unknown but …