Animal camouflage has long been used to illustrate the power of natural selection, and
provides an excellent testbed for investigating the trade‐offs affecting the adaptive value of …

Animal communication systems have evolved so that individuals can make decisions based
upon the behaviour, physiology or morphology of others. Receiving mechanism s probably …

Evolution provides a creative fount of complex and subtle adaptations that often surprise the
scientists who discover them. However, the creativity of evolution is not limited to the natural …

In evolutionary computation, the fitness function normally measures progress toward an
objective in the search space, effectively acting as an objective function. Through deception …

Bright colors, enlarged fins, feather plumes, song, horns, antlers, and tusks are often highly
sex dimorphic. Why have males in many animals evolved more conspicuous ornaments …

Avoiding Attack discusses the diversity of mechanisms by which prey avoid predator attacks
and explores how such defensive mechanisms have evolved through natural selection. It …

The wings of Lepidoptera contain a matrix of living cells whose function requires appropriate
temperatures. However, given their small thermal capacity, wings can overheat rapidly in the …

In studies of animal colouration it is no longer necessary to rely on subjective assessments
of colour and conspicuousness, nor on methods which rely upon human vision. This is …

Despite decades of interest, the adaptive significance of the extraordinary diversity in the
design of animal signals remains elusive. It is suggested that signal design consists of two …

▪ Abstract Mimicry and warning color are highly paradoxical adaptations. Color patterns in
both Müllerian and Batesian mimicry are often determined by relatively few pattern …