Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of receptors that can directly recognize the
specific molecular structures on the surface of pathogens, apoptotic host cells, and damaged …

Abstract Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 belongs to the TLR family of receptors inducing pro-
inflammatory responses to invading pathogens. TLR4 is activated by lipopolysaccharide …

NF-κB pathway consists of canonical and non-canonical pathways. The canonical NF-κB is
activated by various stimuli, transducing a quick but transient transcriptional activity, to …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the key link between innate immunity and adaptive immunity and
play crucial roles in both the promotion of immune defense and the maintenance of immune …

Maintenance of endothelial cell integrity is an important component of human health and
disease since the endothelium can perform various functions including regulation of …

Since nuclear factor of κ‐light chain of enhancer‐activated B cells (NF‐κB) was discovered
in 1986, extraordinary efforts have been made to understand the function and regulating …

Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment and substantially improved patient
outcome with regard to multiple tumour types. However, most patients still do not benefit …

The plant immune system is fundamental for plant survival in natural ecosystems and for
productivity in crop fields. Substantial evidence supports the prevailing notion that plants …

Cells succumbing to stress via regulated cell death (RCD) can initiate an adaptive immune
response associated with immunological memory, provided they display sufficient …

The innate immune system has the capacity to detect 'non-self'molecules derived from
pathogens, known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns, via pattern recognition …