Alterations in cardiac energy metabolism contribute to the severity of heart failure. However,
the energy metabolic changes that occur in heart failure are complex and are dependent not …

The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat, adequate-protein, and very-low-carbohydrate diet
regimen that mimics the metabolism of the fasting state to induce the production of ketone …

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), PPARδ and PPARγ are transcription
factors that regulate gene expression following ligand activation. PPARα increases cellular …

Normal circulatory function is a key determinant of disease-free life expectancy (healthspan).
Indeed, pathologies affecting the cardiovascular system, which are growing in prevalence …

The metabolic rewiring of cardiomyocytes is a widely accepted hallmark of heart failure (HF).
These metabolic changes include a decrease in mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation and an …

The ketone bodies beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate are hepatically produced
metabolites catabolized in extrahepatic organs. Ketone bodies are a critical cardiac fuel and …

Background: The human heart primarily metabolizes fatty acids, and this decreases as
alternative fuel use rises in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Patients with …

Metabolism has historically been studied at the levels of whole cells, whole tissues and
whole organisms. As a result, our understanding of how compartmentalization—the spatial …

The reactions of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle allow the controlled combustion of fat and
carbohydrate. In principle, TCA cycle intermediates are regenerated on every turn and can …

The myocardium is metabolically flexible; however, impaired flexibility is associated with
cardiac dysfunction in conditions including diabetes and heart failure. The mitochondrial …