It is generally acknowledged that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play crucial roles in a
variety of natural processes in cells. If increased to levels which cannot be neutralized by the …

The fundamental functions of epithelia and endothelia in multicellular organisms are to
separate compositionally distinct compartments and regulate the exchange of small solutes …

Chemokines–chemotactic cytokines–are small secreted proteins that attract and activate
immune and non-immune cells in vitro and in vivo. It has been suggested that chemokines …

In recent years, vast amounts of data on the mechanisms of neural de-and regeneration
have accumulated. However, only in disproportionally few cases has this led to efficient …

The availability of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) has not eliminated HIV-1
infection of the central nervous system (CNS) or the occurrence of HIV-associated …

Neurodegenerative and infectious disorders including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's
diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and stroke are rapidly increasing as population's …

With the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), a dramatic decrease in viral burden and
opportunistic infections and an increase in life expectancy has been observed in human …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a network of specialized endothelial cells that regulates
substrate entry into the central nervous system (CNS). Acting as the interface between the …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of the central nervous system (CNS)
can result in neurological dysfunction with devastating consequences in a significant …

Alterations of brain microvasculature and the disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB)
integrity are commonly associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) …