The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is involved in the pathophysiology of many
neuropsychiatric disorders. Increased HPA axis activity can be observed during chronic …

The microbial ecosystem that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of all mammals—the gut
microbiota—has been in a symbiotic relationship with its hosts over many millennia. Thanks …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a global problem for which current pharmacotherapies
are not completely effective. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction has …

Recent scientific and technological advances have brought us closer to being able to apply
a true biopsychosocial approach to the study of resilience in humans. Decades of research …

The human microbiota comprises trillions of symbiotic microorganisms and is involved in
regulating gastrointestinal (GI), immune, nervous system and metabolic homeostasis …

Depression is apparently the most common psychiatric disease among the mood disorders
affecting about 10% of the adult population. The etiology and pathogenesis of depression …

Background: Childhood trauma (CT) has adverse consequences on mental health across
the lifespan. The understanding of how CT increases vulnerability for psychiatric disorders is …

A growing body of evidence suggests that inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and
oxidant-antioxidant imbalance may play a significant role in the development and …

Human brain development is influenced by early-life experiences, particularly during
sensitive periods, with impact on cognitive and emotional outcomes. Understanding how the …

Neurological illnesses, including cognitive impairment, memory decline and dementia, affect
over 50 million people worldwide, imposing a substantial burden on individuals and society …