The human body is full of an extensive number of commensal microbes, consisting of
bacteria, viruses, and fungi, collectively termed the human microbiome. The initial …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative and autoimmune disease. Motor,
sensory and cognitive deficits in MS are commonly accompanied by psychiatric disorders …

In humans, the gut microbiota (GM) are known to play a significant role in the metabolism of
nutrients and drugs, immunomodulation, and pathogen defense by inhabiting the …

In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have gained increased attention from researchers
around the globe. Although it is twenty nucleotides long, it can modulate several gene …

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic immune cytokine that belongs to the
TNF superfamily of receptor ligands. The cytokine exists as either a transmembrane or a …

Glutamate is the most abundant neurotransmitter of the central nervous system, as the
majority of neurons use glutamate as neurotransmitter. It is also well known that this …

Nuclear receptors, also known as ligand-activated transcription factors, regulate gene
expression upon ligand signals and present as attractive therapeutic targets especially in …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous
system (CNS) in which demyelination and neurodegeneration occurs. The immune system …

Objective To describe the disruptions in care experienced by persons with Multiple Sclerosis
in Italy due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the self-reported impact on their health and …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-inflammatory disease that attacks and damages
myelinated axons in the central nervous system (CNS) and causes nontraumatic …