Immune responses to antigens, including innocuous, self, tumor, microbial, and vaccine
antigens, differ between males and females. The quest to uncover the mechanisms for …

The immune system functions in a sexually dimorphic manner, with females exhibiting more
robust immune responses than males. However, how female sex hormones affect immune …

Abstract 17β‐Estradiol (E2), as the main circulating estrogen hormone, regulates many
tissue and organ functions in physiology. The effects of E2 on cells are mediated by the …

Recently, diverse functional materials that take subcellular structures as therapeutic targets
are playing increasingly important roles in cancer therapy. Here, particular emphasis is …

Estrogen is a steroid hormone that has critical roles in reproductive development, bone
homeostasis, cardiovascular remodeling and brain functions. However, estrogen also …

Estrogen facilitates higher cognitive functions by exerting effects on brain regions such as
the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Estrogen induces spinogenesis and synaptogenesis …

Osteoporosis is a significant public health problem, and a major cause of the disease is
estrogen deficiency following menopause in women. In addition, considerable evidence …

There is still an unresolved paradox with respect to the immunomodulating role of estrogens.
On one side, we recognize inhibition of bone resorption and suppression of inflammation in …

During the past decade there has been a substantial advance in our understanding of
estrogen signaling both from a clinical as well as a preclinical perspective. Estrogen …

Here we review and extend a new unitary model for the pathophysiology of involutional
osteoporosis that identifies estrogen (E) as the key hormone for maintaining bone mass and …