Tumor microenvironment (TME) is a specialized ecosystem of host components, designed
by tumor cells for successful development and metastasis of tumor. With the advent of 3D …

The functions of, and interactions between, the innate and adaptive immune systems are
vital for anticancer immunity. Cytotoxic T cells expressing cell-surface CD8 are the most …

Despite centuries since the discovery and study of cancer, cancer is still a lethal and
intractable health issue worldwide. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have gained much …

The tumor microenvironment is proposed to contribute substantially to the progression of
cancers, including breast cancer. Cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the most …

Despite the high long-term survival in localized prostate cancer, metastatic prostate cancer
remains largely incurable even after intensive multimodal therapy. The lethality of advanced …

Intratumoral heterogeneity is a major obstacle to cancer treatment and a significant
confounding factor in bulk-tumor profiling. We performed an unbiased analysis of …

Antibodies targeting immune checkpoints are emerging as potent and viable cancer
therapies, but not all patients respond to these as single agents. Concurrently targeting …

Recent findings suggest that the cellular and extracellular materials surrounding the
cancerous cells from an atypical tumor microenvironment (TM) play a pivotal role in the …

Vascular endothelial growth factor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (VEGF-TKIs) have been the
mainstay of treatment for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Despite its …

Investigators developed chimeric antigen receptors (CAR s) for expression on T cells more
than 25 years ago. When the CAR is derived from an antibody, the resultant cell should …