After nearly four decades of research, a safe and effective HIV-1 vaccine remains elusive.
There are many reasons why the development of a potent and durable HIV-1 vaccine is …

In the past 15 years, B cells have been rediscovered to be not merely bystanders but rather
active participants in autoimmune aetiology. This has been fuelled in part by the clinical …

IgG4 is the least abundant subclass of IgG in human serum and has unique functional
features. IgG4 is largely unable to activate antibody-dependent immune effector responses …

B cells and the antibodies they produce have a deeply penetrating influence on human
physiology. Here, we review current understanding of how B cell responses are initiated; the …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common, chronic, systemic autoimmune disease, and its
clinical features are the proliferation of joint synovial tissue, the formation of pannus and the …

Recent advances in studies of immune memory in mice and humans have reinforced the
concept that memory B cells play a critical role in protection against repeated infections …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic auto-immune disease principally effecting synovial
joints. RA is characterized by immune cell infiltration in the joint. The presence of …

Germinal centers (GCs) are the site of antibody diversification and affinity maturation and as
such are vitally important for humoral immunity. The study of GC biology has undergone a …

Immune tolerance hinders the potentially destructive responses of lymphocytes to host
tissues. Tolerance is regulated at the stage of immature B cell development (central …

Chronic autoimmune diseases, and in particular Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), are
endowed with a long‐standing autoreactive B‐cell compartment that is presumed to …