Background Endurance runners frequently experience exercise-induced gastrointestinal
(GI) symptoms, negatively impacting their performance. Food choices pre-exercise have a …

Sex has been recognized to be an important indicator of physiological, psychological, and
nutritional characteristics among endurance athletes. However, there are limited data …

The majority of reviews on sports nutrition issues focus on macronutrients, often omitting or
paying less attention to substances such as sodium. Through the literature, it is clear that …

Background & aims Low-carbohydrate diets (LCD) have gained substantial attention in
recent years for their potential in health promotion and treatment of diseases, but they …

Background: Sports supplements (SS) are widely consumed by many types of athletes to
improve their performance. These SS are classified according to their level of scientific …

Background: Current carbohydrate (CHO) intake recommendations for ultra-trail activities
lasting more than 2.5 h is 90 g/h. However, the benefits of ingesting 120 g/h during a …

Nutrient deficiency is a common cause of underperformance in endurance athletes, and
supplement intake is frequently considered compensatory for vegan and vegetarian athletes …

Introduction Excessive water intake is rarely associated with life-threatening hyponatraemia.
The aim of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics and outcomes of …

Background: The use of sports supplements (SS) to improve sports performance is
widespread in all types of athletes, however, the specific characteristics of mountain races …

Background Properly replacing energy and fluids is a challenge for 24-h ultramarathoners
because such unusually high intake may induce adverse effects (gastrointestinal symptoms …