Why is it that some parasites cause high levels of host damage (ie virulence) whereas others
are relatively benign? There are now numerous reviews of virulence evolution in the …

Abstract Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) have been shown to host diverse bacterial
communities that vary depending on the sex of the mosquito, the developmental stage, and …

Most species have one or more natural enemies, eg, predators, parasites, pathogens, and
herbivores, among others. These species in turn typically attack multiple victim species. This …

Infections that consist of multiple parasite strains or species are common in the wild and are
a major public health concern. Theory suggests that these infections have a key influence on …

Co-infections by multiple pathogen strains are common in the wild. Theory predicts co-
infections to have major consequences for both within-and between-host disease dynamics …

Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae are intracellular microsporidian parasites infecting the
midgut epithelial cells of adult honey bees. N. ceranae was considered to be restricted to the …

For most, the mere mention of lice forces an immediate hand to the head and recollection of
childhood experiences with nits, medicated shampoos, and traumatic haircuts. But for a …

Disease and community ecology share conceptual and theoretical lineages, and there has
been a resurgence of interest in strengthening links between these fields. Building on recent …

Adult coho salmon O ncorhynchus kisutch return each autumn to freshwater spawning
habitats throughout western N orth A merica. The migration coincides with increasing …

Background Blastocystis is a common intestinal protist with a wide range of hosts. Thus far,
38 subtypes have been identified. In recent years, wild animals have been confronted with …