The leishmaniases are diseases caused by pathogenic protozoan parasites of the genus
Leishmania. Infections are initiated when a sand fly vector inoculates Leishmania parasites …

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease of humans, highly prevalent in parts of the tropics,
subtropics, and southern Europe. The disease mainly occurs in three different clinical forms …

T cells mediate effector functions through a variety of mechanisms. Recently, multiparameter
flow cytometry has allowed a simultaneous assessment of the phenotype and multiple …

CD4+ T cells have a crucial role in mediating protection against a variety of pathogens
through production of specific cytokines. However, substantial heterogeneity in CD4+ T-cell …

The prevalence and intensity of infections caused by protozoa, nematodes, trematodes,
cestodes, and arthropods is higher in males than females. The primary thesis of this review …

Leishmaniae are obligatory intracellular protozoa in mononuclear phagocytes. They cause a
spectrum of diseases, ranging in severity from spontaneously healing skin lesions to fatal …

Leishmania species are obligate intracellular parasites of cells of the macrophage-dendritic
cell lineage. Indeed, the ability to survive and multiply within macrophages is a feature of a …

Parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania have provided a useful perspective for
immunologists in terms of host defense mechanisms critical for the resolution of infection …

Although leishmaniases are endemic in 98 countries, they are still considered neglected
tropical diseases. Leishmaniases are characterized by the emergence of new virulent and …

Human leishmaniasis is a spectral disease that includes asymptomatic self-resolving
infection, localized skin lesions, and progressive visceral leishmaniasis. With some overlap …