The urogenital tract is a complex environment composed of many different types of epithelial
tissues and innate immune cells that sample the surrounding milieu. As a host-adapted …

Microbes rely upon iron as a cofactor for many enzymes in their central metabolic processes.
The reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide and hydrogen peroxide react rapidly with …

Oxidative stress, through the production of reactive oxygen species, is a natural
consequence of aerobic metabolism. Escherichia coli has several major regulators activated …

Biofilms constitute the predominant microbial style of life in natural and engineered
ecosystems. Facing harsh environmental conditions, microorganisms accumulate reactive …

Alterations of the gut microbiota induced by diet exert a strong influence on the development
of metabolic syndrome. In this study, we prove the hypothesis that the long-term high-fat diet …

Exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a fact of life for aerobic organisms as well as
anaerobes that experience transient exposure to oxygen. Aerobic bacteria produce them as …

One of the universal traits of microorganisms is their ability to form multicellular structures,
the cells of which differentiate and communicate via various signaling molecules. Reactive …

Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis are Gram-negative bacterial pathogens
that are exquisitely adapted for growth at human mucosal surfaces and for efficient …

Many host-adapted bacterial pathogens contain DNA methyltransferases (mod genes) that
are subject to phase-variable expression (high-frequency reversible ON/OFF switching of …

Exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and other reactive oxygen species is a universal
feature of life in an aerobic environment. Bacteria express enzymes to detoxify H2O2 and to …