Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that participate in ATP generation and involve
calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress response, and apoptosis. Dysfunctional or damaged …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the vascular system and is the leading
cause of cardiovascular diseases worldwide. Excessive generation of reactive oxygen …

The number of old people is rising worldwide, and advancing age is a major risk factor for
atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanisms underlying this …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well known for their role in mediating both physiological
and pathophysiological signal transduction. Enzymes and subcellular compartments that …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent production of ROS underlies sustained
oxidative stress, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases …

Major reactive oxygen species (ROS)–producing systems in vascular wall include NADPH
(reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase, xanthine oxidase …

Manganese (Mn) is an essential element that is involved in the synthesis and activation of
many enzymes and in the regulation of the metabolism of glucose and lipids in humans. In …

Stroke is the second most common cause of death and the leading cause of disability
worldwide. Brain injury following stroke results from a complex series of pathophysiological …

Vascular disease and heart failure impart an enormous burden in terms of global morbidity
and mortality. Although there are many different causes of cardiac and vascular disease …

Atherogenesis, the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, is a complex process that involves
several mechanisms, including endothelial dysfunction, neovascularization, vascular …