Natural Abs, belonging to isotypes IgM, IgG3, and IgA, were discovered nearly half a century
ago. Despite knowledge about the role of the polyreactive natural IgM in pathogen …

Antibodies are highly potent therapeutic scaffolds with more than a hundred different
products approved on the market. Successful development of antibody-based drugs …

The traditional definition of natural antibodies (NAbs) states that these antibodies are
present prior to the body encountering cognate antigen, providing a first line of defense …

The immune system of normal unimmunized animals is characterized by the presence of B
cells synthesizing and secreting mainly polyreactive, but also monoreactive, IgM and IgG …

▪ Abstract In vertebrates, serum antibodies are an essential component of innate and
adaptive immunity and immunological memory. They also can contribute significantly to …

Natural or spontaneous antibodies are an essential part of the first line of defense against
hematogenically spreading infections, including viruses. These antibodies target virus …

Natural 'antibodies' are substances found in the blood of animals that have not been
immunised against infective agents. However, exposure to these agents or to cross‐reacting …

Antibodies that are present in the serum of healthy individuals in the absence of deliberate
immunization with any antigen, are refered to as natural antibodies. A vast majority of natural …

Publisher Summary There are two major methods for detecting Antiphospholipid (aPL)
antibodies. The first is based on a solid-phase immunoassay employing purified …

The presence of immunoglobulins (Ig) in the circulation of normal humans and animals that
bind a variety of foreign antigens, such as bacterial components and products, viruses …