The immune system protects the host from pathogenic organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi,
parasites). To deal with this array of threats, the immune system has evolved to include a …

Iron is a critical metal for several vital biological processes. Most of the body's iron is bound
to hemoglobin in erythrocytes. Iron from senescent red blood cells is recycled by …

Metal chalcogenides have been intensively investigated as antibacterial agents due to their
unique structures and superior photoactivities. Herein, various structures of copper sulfide …

The gut microbiota has diverse and essential roles in host metabolism, development of the
immune system and as resistance to pathogen colonization. Perturbations of the gut …

Zinc is involved in a variety of biological processes, as a structural, catalytic, and intracellular
and intercellular signaling component. Thus zinc homeostasis is tightly controlled at the …

Iron is critical for the appearance and maintenance of life on Earth. Almost all organisms
compete or cooperate for iron acquisition, demonstrating the importance of this essential …

Macrophages and neutrophils play a decisive role in host responses to intracellular bacteria
including the agent of tuberculosis (TB), M ycobacterium tuberculosis as they represent the …

Talaromycosis is an invasive mycosis endemic in tropical and subtropical Asia and is
caused by the pathogenic fungus Talaromyces marneffei. Approximately 17,300 cases of T …

Iron is an essential element for virtually all organisms. On the one hand, it facilitates cell
proliferation and growth. On the other hand, iron may be detrimental due to its redox …

Iron is an essential nutrient for bacterial growth, replication, and metabolism. Humans store
iron bound to various proteins such as hemoglobin, haptoglobin, transferrin, ferritin, and …