Adequate thyroid hormone availability is important for an uncomplicated pregnancy and
optimal fetal growth and development. Overt thyroid disease is associated with a wide range …

Via its interaction in several pathways, normal thyroid function is important to maintain
normal reproduction. In both genders, changes in SHBG and sex steroids are a consistent …

Background Subclinical thyroid disease during pregnancy may be associated with adverse
outcomes, including a lower-than-normal IQ in offspring. It is unknown whether levothyroxine …

Thyroid nodules are detected in up to 50 to 60% of healthy subjects. Most nodules do not
cause clinically significant symptoms, and as a result, the main challenge in their …

The majority of miscarriages are sporadic and most result from genetic causes that are
greatly influenced by maternal age. Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is defined by two or …

Objective: The aim was to formulate practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management
of congenital hypothyroidism (CH). Evidence: A systematic literature search was conducted …

Pregnancy has a profound impact on the thyroid gland and thyroid function. The gland
increases 10% in size during pregnancy in iodine-replete countries and by 20%–40% in …

Almost one-third of the world's population lives in areas of iodine deficiency. 1 In areas
where the daily iodine intake is, 50 mg, goitre is usually endemic, and when the daily intake …

Background: Hypothyroidism has multiple etiologies and manifestations. Appropriate
treatment requires an accurate diagnosis and is influenced by coexisting medical conditions …

BACKGROUND Thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity are prevalent among women
of reproductive age and are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Preconception or …