Introduction Pain treatment is best performed when a patient-centric, safety-based
philosophy is used to determine an algorithmic process to guide care. Since 2007, the …

Moderate to severe pain occurs in many cancer patients during their clinical course and may
stem from the primary pathology, metastasis, or as treatment side effects. Uncontrolled pain …

Objectives To evaluate the evidence for morphine and ziconotide as firstline intrathecal (IT)
analgesia agents for patients with chronic pain. Methods Medline was searched (through …

Introduction Intrathecal therapy is an important part of the pain treatment algorithm for
chronic disease states. The use of this option is a viable treatment strategy, but it is inherent …

Advances in our understanding of the biology of spinal systems in organizing and defining
the content of exteroceptive information upon which higher centers define the state of the …

Background: Cancer pain prevalence remains high with more than 60% of patients with
advanced cancer experiencing cancer-related pain. The undertreatment of pain due to …

Introduction: Chronic pain conditions of malignant and non-malignant etiology afflict a large
group of the population and pose a vast economic burden on society. Intrathecal drug …

Purpose Neuropathic pain causes great distress among patients; however, its response to
traditional analgesia techniques remains sub-optimal. There has been progress in stem cell …

Painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a highly prevalent and disabling
complication of diabetes that is often misdiagnosed and undertreated. The management of …

Abstract Introduction The International Neuromodulation Society convened a multispecialty
group of physicians based on expertise with international representation to establish …