In many genomes, toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems have been identified; however, their role in
cell physiology has been unclear. Here we examine the evidence that TA systems are …

After the first discovery in the 1980s in F-plasmids as a plasmid maintenance system, a
myriad of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems has been identified in bacterial chromosomes and …

Phages are the most abundant entity in the biosphere and outnumber bacteria by a factor of
10. Phage DNA may also constitute 20% of bacterial genomes; however, its role is ill …

Among bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems, to date no antitoxin has been identified that
functions by cleaving toxin mRNA. Here we show that YjdO (renamed GhoT) is a membrane …

Escherichia coli K-12 contains at least 36 toxin genes, the expression of which causes
growth inhibition and eventual death. These toxins are usually co-expressed with their …

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are ubiquitous gene loci among bacteria and are comprised of
a toxin part and its cognate antitoxin part. Under normal physiological conditions, antitoxin …

One of the most pertinent recent outcomes of molecular microbiology efforts to understand
bacterial behavior is the discovery of a wide range of toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems that are …

Antibiotic failure not only is due to the development of resistance by pathogens but can also
often be explained by persistence and tolerance. Persistence and tolerance can be included …

Genes for toxin-antitoxin (TA) complexes are widespread in prokaryote genomes, and
species frequently possess tens of plasmid and chromosomal TA loci. The complexes are …

Biofilms are often more resistant to toxic chemicals such as heavy metals and antimicrobial
agents than planktonic cells. Nanosilver has a broad range of applications with strong …