One leading hypothesis suggests that memories are stored in ensembles of neurons (or
'engram cells') and that successful recall involves reactivation of these ensembles. A logical …

Anxiety is experienced in response to threats that are distal or uncertain, involving changes
in one's subjective state, autonomic responses, and behavior. Defensive and physiologic …

A large body of work has aimed to define the precise information encoded by dopaminergic
projections innervating the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Prevailing models are based on …

This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

Current medication for anxiety disorders is suboptimal in terms of efficiency and tolerability,
highlighting the need for improved drug treatments. In this review an overview of drugs …

Preclinical and clinical studies implicate endocannabinoids (eCBs) in fear extinction, but the
underlying neural circuit basis of these actions is unclear. Here, we employed in vivo …

Relief, the appetitive state after the termination of aversive stimuli, is evolutionarily
conserved. Understanding the behavioral role of this well-conserved phenomenon and its …

The ability to extinguish conditioned fear memory is critical for adaptive control of fear
response, and its impairment is a hallmark of emotional disorders like post-traumatic stress …

Accurately predicting an outcome requires that animals learn supporting and conflicting
evidence from sequential experience. In mammals and invertebrates, learned fear …

Adaptive behaviour necessitates the formation of memories for fearful events, but also that
these memories can be extinguished. Effective extinction prevents excessive and persistent …