Ghrelin is a peptide hormone released by specialized X/A cells in the stomach and activated
by acylation. Following its secretion, it binds to ghrelin receptors in the periphery to regulate …

This study tested whether aerobic exercise delivered during the consolidation window
following fear extinction learning reduces the return of fear among women with posttraumatic …

Prior experience of a stimulus can inhibit subsequent acquisition or expression of a learned
association of that stimulus. However, the neuronal manifestations of this learning effect …

Learning to avoid aversive outcomes is an adaptive strategy to limit one's future exposure to
stressful events. However, there is considerable variance in active avoidance learning …

Fear extinction allows for adaptive control of learned fear responses but often fails, resulting
in a renewal or spontaneous recovery of the extinguished fear, ie, forgetting of the extinction …

Fear generalization and deficits in extinction learning are debilitating dimensions of Post-
Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Most understanding of the neurobiology underlying these …

Anhedonia impairs various components of the pleasure cycle, including wanting, liking, and
the learning of pleasure-related associations. While successfully controlling threats might be …

Neuropeptides can exert volume modulation in neuronal networks, which account for a well-
calibrated and fine-tuned regulation that depends on the sensory and behavioral contexts …

Neural circuits that enable an organism to protect itself by promoting escape from immediate
threat and avoidance of future injury are conceptualized to carry an “aversive” signal. One of …

Laboratory threat extinction paradigms and exposure-based therapy both involve repeated,
safe confrontation with stimuli previously experienced as threatening. This fundamental …