The conserved protective epitopes of hemagglutinin (HA) are essential to the design of a
universal influenza vaccine and new targeted therapeutic agents. Over the last 15 years …

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have revolutionized the conduct of science since their first
description in 1975 (1). The use of these specific reagents also has made possible improved …

Several influenza antibodies with broad group 2 neutralization have recently been isolated.
Here, we analyze the structure, class, and binding of one of these antibodies from an H7N9 …

A switch of viral hemagglutinin receptor binding specificity from bird-type α2, 3-to human-
type α2, 6-linked sialic acid is necessary for an avian influenza virus to become a pandemic …

The very first influenza virus exposure in a human during infancy is known to imprint the host
immune system. However, it is unclear how the memory B cells that first target virus epitopes …

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is the most potent natural toxin known. Of the seven BoNT
serotypes (A to G), types A, B, E, and F cause human botulism. Treatment of human botulism …

Most neutralizing antibodies elicited during influenza virus infection or by vaccination have a
narrow spectrum because they usually target variable epitopes in the globular head region …

Influenza A viruses are a major threat to human health and inflict a significant public health
challenge worldwide. Hemagglutinin (HA) is the main contributor to the infectivity of the virus …

Influenza B virus has been known to infect humans and other animals, including seals.
Vaccination efficacy varies across seasons. Human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can be …