Physical and emotional pain deteriorates the quality of well-being. Also, numerous non-
invasive and invasive treatments for diagnosed diseases such as cancer medications and …

The canonical model of striatal function predicts that animal locomotion is associated with
the opposing regulation of protein kinase A (PKA) in direct and indirect pathway striatal …

Recent developments in chemogenetic approaches to the investigation of brain function
have ushered in a paradigm change in the strategy for drug and behavior research and …

Repeated exposure to psychostimulants, such as amphetamine, causes a long-lasting
enhancement in the behavioral responses to the drug, called behavioral sensitization. 1 This …

The development of intelligent, sensitive, and visual methods for the rapid detection of
veterinary drug residues is essential to ensure food quality and safety. Here, a smartphone …

Spinal cord injury is a serious injury of the central nervous system that results in neurological
deficits. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying spinal cord injury, as well as the …

The striatum plays a fundamental role in motor learning and reward-related behaviors that
are synergistically shaped by populations of D1 dopamine receptor (D1R)-and D2 …

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by the
presence of chronic motor and phonic tics. The goal of this article is to review our current …

Ischemic stroke is the third leading cause of death and disability worldwide, with no
available satisfactory prevention or treatment approach. The current treatment is limited to …

In an effort to provide an overview of the biophysical approaches used to study G-protein-
coupled receptors, we chose to consider the adenosine A2A receptor as a model, as it is …