Background and aims Alcohol use is a major contributor to injuries, mortality and the burden
of disease. This review updates knowledge on risk relations between dimensions of alcohol …

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 15% to 20% of breast cancer cases and
is characterized by the absence of estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal growth …

There is currently accumulating evidence that endogenous estrogens play a critical role in
the development of breast cancer. Estrogens and their metabolites have been studied in …

Background: Reproductive and hormonal factors are involved in the etiology of breast
cancer, but there are only a few prospective studies on endogenous sex hormone levels and …

BACKGROUND: Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) stimulates mitosis and inhibits apoptosis.
Some published results have shown an association between circulating IGF1 and breast …

Background: Obesity is associated with increased breast cancer risk among
postmenopausal women. We examined whether this association could be explained by the …

The connection between breast cancer and estrogen has been recognized for more than
100 years, since George Beatson demonstrated that bilateral oophorectomy resulted in the …

ContextRaloxifene hydrochloride is a selective estrogen receptor modulator that has
antiestrogenic effects on breast and endometrial tissue and estrogenic effects on bone, lipid …

Background: Breast cancer risk for postmenopausal women is positively associated with
circulating concentrations of oestrogens and androgens, but the determinants of these …

Estrogens are considered to play a major role in promoting the proliferation of both the
normal and the neoplastic breast epithelium. Their role as breast carcinogens has long been …