The discovery of immune checkpoint proteins such as PD-1/PDL-1 and CTLA-4 represents a
significant breakthrough in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, humanized …

Background The responses of cancer patients to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) vary in
success. CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) play a key role in killing tumor cells. This …

Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy has become a promising therapeutic
strategy with encouraging therapeutic outcomes due to their durable anti-tumor effects …

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare skin cancer, accounting for less than 1% of all
cutaneous malignancies. It is found predominantly in white populations and risk factors …

This assessment by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the Montreal
Protocol under the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) evaluates the effects of …

CD8 T cells play crucial roles in immune surveillance and defense against infections and
cancer. After encountering antigenic stimulation, naïve CD8 T cells differentiate and acquire …

Technological innovation and rapid reduction in sequencing costs have enabled the
genomic profiling of hundreds of cancer-associated genes as a component of routine cancer …

Background Merkel cell carcinoma is among the most aggressive and lethal of primary skin
cancers, with a high rate of distant metastasis. Anti-programmed death receptor 1 (anti-PD …

The molecular mechanisms underlying cancer immune escape are a core topic in cancer
immunology research. Cancer cells can escape T cell-mediated cellular cytotoxicity by …

Background Avelumab (anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)) is approved in multiple
countries for the treatment of metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma (mMCC), a rare and …