Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness. It has long been regarded as
vascular disease, but work in the past years has shown abnormalities also in the neural …

The outer retina is nourished from the choroid, a capillary bed just inside the sclera. O2,
glucose, and other nutrients diffuse out of the choroid and then filter through a monolayer of …

Here we report multiple lines of evidence for a comprehensive model of energy metabolism
in the vertebrate eye. Metabolic flux, locations of key enzymes, and our finding that glucose …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the main cause of vision loss or blindness in working age adults
worldwide. The lack of effective diagnostic biomarkers for DR leads to unsatisfactory curative …

Neuronal energy demands are met by a tightly coupled and adaptive vascular network that
supplies nutrients and oxygen. The retina is one of the highest energy-consuming organs …

Vertebrate photoreceptors are among the most metabolically active cells, exhibiting a high
rate of ATP consumption. This is coupled with a high anabolic demand, necessitated by the …

Photoreceptors have high energy demands and a high density of mitochondria that produce
ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of fuel substrates. Although glucose is …

Glucose metabolism in vertebrate retinas is dominated by aerobic glycolysis (the “Warburg
Effect”), which allows only a small fraction of glucose-derived pyruvate to enter mitochondria …

Acquired and inherited retinal disorders are responsible for vision loss in an increasing
proportion of individuals worldwide. Photoreceptor (PR) death is central to the vision loss …

Aberrated glucose metabolism is a key future of cancer cells. Unlike normal cells, tumor cells
favor glycolysis even in the presence of sufficient oxygen. Pyruvate kinase (PK), a key …