Our incomplete understanding of the causes and pathways involved in the onset and
progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) limits our ability to effectively treat this complex …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and degenerative disease of the central
nervous system afflicting nearly three million individuals worldwide. Neuroimmune …

Microbial colonization of the mammalian intestine elicits inflammatory or tolerogenic T cell
responses, but the mechanisms controlling these distinct outcomes remain poorly …

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are master regulators of the immune response by directly
interacting with T cells to orchestrate distinct functional outcomes. Several types of …

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system.
Astrocytes are heterogeneous glial cells that are resident in the central nervous system and …

The intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) constitute the primary barrier between host cells and
numerous foreign antigens; it is unclear how IECs induce the protective immunity against …

Neurological disorders (NDs) are one of the leading causes of global death. A sustained
neuroinflammatory response has been reported to be associated with the pathogenesis of …

Progress in neuroimmunology established that the nervous and the immune systems are
two functionally related physiological systems. Unique sensory and immune receptors …

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a family of predominantly tissue-resident lymphocytes that
critically orchestrate immunity, inflammation, tolerance and repair at barrier surfaces of the …

The gastrointestinal tract is an immunologically rich organ, containing complex cell networks
and dense lymphoid structures that safeguard this large absorptive barrier from pathogens …