Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive drug in the world. Natural sources of
caffeine include coffee, tea, and chocolate. Synthetic caffeine is also added to products to …

Caffeine is the most frequently used substance with a central nervous system stimulant
effect, but its consumption is most often due to the intake of foods and drinks that contain it …

Microdialysis studies in animals have shown that addictive drugs preferentially increase
extracellular dopamine (DA) in the n. accumbens (NAc). Brain imaging studies, while …

Background The psychostimulant properties of caffeine are reviewed and compared with
those of prototypical psychostimulants able to cause substance use disorders (SUD) …

Fear is an adaptive component of the acute “stress” response to potentially-dangerous
(external and internal) stimuli which threaten to perturb homeostasis. However, when …

Coffee is one of the most popular beverages consumed worldwide. Roasted coffee is a
complex mixture of thousands of bioactive compounds, and some of them have numerous …

The popularity of caffeine as a psychoactive drug is due to its stimulant properties, which
depend on its ability to reduce adenosine transmission in the brain. Adenosine A 1 and A 2A …

A. Cellular and Subcellular Localization B. Pharmacological Tools to Study Adenosine
Receptors C. Signaling Via Adenosine Receptors D. Regulation of Receptor Expression and …

Adenosine acts in parallel as a neuromodulator and as a homeostatic modulator in the
central nervous system. Its neuromodulatory role relies on a balanced activation of inhibitory …

The functional role of heteromers of G-protein-coupled receptors is a matter of debate. In the
present study, we demonstrate that heteromerization of adenosine A 1 receptors (A 1 Rs) …