Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19), has seriously threatened global public health. Severe COVID-19 …

The innate immune system senses viral infection by recognizing a variety of viral
components (including double-stranded (ds) RNA) and triggers antiviral responses,. The …

Viral infection triggers host innate immune responses through activation of the transcription
factors NF-κB and IRF3, which coordinately regulate the expression of type-I interferons …

Intracellular double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a chief sign of replication for many viruses.
Host mechanisms detect the dsRNA and initiate antiviral responses. In this report, we …

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading pathogens. A family of Toll-like
receptors (TLRs) acts as primary sensors that detect a wide variety of microbial components …

Stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) triggers activation of a common MyD88-dependent
signaling pathway as well as a MyD88-independent pathway that is unique to TLR3 and …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been established to play an essential role in the activation of
innate immunity by recognizing specific patterns of microbial components. TLR signaling …

Viral infection triggers activation of transcription factors such as NF-κB and IRF3, which
collaborate to induce type I interferons (IFNs) and elicit innate antiviral response. Here, we …

The innate immune system is essential for the initial detection of invading viruses and
subsequent activation of adaptive immunity. Three classes of receptors, designated retinoic …

Abstract Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) was originally identified in the context of Epstein–
Barr virus (EBV) infection, and has since emerged as the crucial regulator of type I …