Exposure to psychological stress is known to seriously disrupt the operation of the
substantia nigra (SN) and may in fact initiate the loss of dopaminergic neurons within the …

Stress affects brain activity and promotes long-term changes in multiple neural systems.
Exposure to stressors causes substantial effects on the perception and response to pain. In …

Discussion To our knowledge, this is the first report of ultrastructural neurovascular
lipofuscin granule accumulation in a patient with refractory MDD who did not have …

Brief pulse electroconvulsive therapy (BP ECT; pulse width 0.5–1.5 ms) is the most effective
treatment available for severe depression. However, its use is associated with side-effects …

Glutamate (Glu) is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and
plays a critical role in the neuroplasticity of nociceptive networks. We aimed to examine the …

The many functions of astrocytes, such as glutamate recycling and morphological plasticity,
enable them to stabilize synapses environment and protect neurons. Little is known about …

Abstract “Surface‐associated astrocytes”(SAAs) in posterior piriform cortex (PPC) are unique
by virtue of a direct apposition to the cortical surface and large‐caliber processes that …

Understanding the mechanisms responsible for anxiety disorders is a major challenge.
Avoidance behavior is an essential feature of anxiety disorders. The two-way avoidance test …

Reductionistic research on depressive disorders has been hampered by the limitations of
animal models. Recently, it has been hypothesized that neuroinflammation is a key player in …

Astrocyte dysfunctions have been consistently observed in patients affected with depression
and other psychiatric illnesses. Although over the years our understanding of these …