Elevated cardiovascular risk including stroke, heart failure, and heart attack is present even
after normalization of blood pressure in patients with hypertension. Underlying immune cell …

Hypertension is a global health problem, with> 1.3 billion individuals with high blood
pressure worldwide. In this Review, we present an inflammatory paradigm for hypertension …

Inflammation is a key characteristic of kidney disease, but this immune response is two-
faced. In the acute phase of kidney injury, there is an activation of the immune cells to fight …

With cardiovascular disease (CVD) being a primary source of global morbidity and mortality,
it is crucial that we understand the molecular pathophysiological mechanisms at play …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disease characterized by dysregulation and
hyperreactivity of the immune response at various levels, including hyperactivation of …

The most classical view of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) emphasizes its role as an
endocrine regulator of sodium balance and blood pressure. However, it has long become …

Anxiety is more common in patients with hypertension, and these two conditions frequently
coexist. Recently, more emphasis has been placed on determining etiology in patients with …

Optimal vascular structure and function are essential for maintaining the physiological
functions of the cardiovascular system. Vascular remodelling involves changes in vessel …

Hypertension is one of the leading risk factors for the development of heart failure. Despite
being a multifactorial disease, in recent years, preclinical and clinical studies suggest strong …

Vascular smooth muscle cell (vSMC) is highly plastic as its phenotype can change in
response to mechanical cues inherent to the extracellular matrix (ECM). VSMC may be …