The vast interindividual clinical variability observed in any microbial infection—ranging from
silent infection to lethal disease—is increasingly being explained by human genetic and …

As an essential component of innate immunity, macrophages have multiple functions in both
inhibiting or promoting cell proliferation and tissue repair. Diversity and plasticity are …

Macrophages are endowed with a variety of receptors for lineage-determining growth
factors, T helper (Th) cell cytokines, and B cell, host, and microbial products. In tissues …

Abstract M-CSF and GM-CSF are 2 important cytokines that regulate macrophage numbers
and function. Here, we review their known effects on cells of the macrophage-monocyte …

In acquired pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, lipids and proteins accumulate within the alveoli
because alveolar macrophages cannot catabolize surfactants. Surprisingly, alveolar …

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is a rare clinical syndrome that was first described in 1958.
Subsequently, over 240 case reports and small series have described at least 410 cases in …

The alveolar region of the lung creates an extensive epithelial surface that mediates the
transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide required for respiration after birth. Maintenance of …

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare pulmonary disease characterised by alveolar
accumulation of surfactant. It may result from mutations in surfactant proteins or granulocyte …

Idiopathic pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (I-PAP) is a rare disease of unknown etiology in
which the alveoli fill with lipoproteinaceous material. We report here that I-PAP is an …

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder of
unknown etiology. Autopsy findings, genetics, retrospective studies, and molecular imaging …