Given the expanding role of ambulatory surgery and the need to facilitate an earlier hospital
discharge, improving postoperative pain control has become an increasingly important issue …

Intrathecal morphine is often used for postoperative analgesia after surgery. We performed a
meta‐analysis to obtain more detailed information on the frequency of side‐effects in …

Although beneficial in acute and chronic pain management, the use of local anaesthetics is
limited by its duration of action and the dose dependent adverse effects on the cardiac and …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Intrathecal opioids are widely used as useful adjuncts in the treatment of acute and chronic
pain, and a number of non-opioid drugs show promise as analgesic drugs with spinal …

Various techniques have been explored to prolong the duration and improve the efficacy of
local anaesthetic nerve blocks. Some of these involve mixing local anaesthetics or adding …

Adjuvants are medications that work synergistically with local anesthetics to help enhance
the duration and quality of analgesia in regional techniques. Regional anesthesia has …

Opioids are widely used as additives to local anesthetics for intrathecal anesthesia. Benefit
and risk remain unclear. We systematically searched databases and bibliographies to …

Spinal anesthesia is a simple technique that provides a deep and fast surgical block through
the injection of small doses of local anesthetic solution into the subarachnoid space. The …

Opioids and alpha-2 receptor agonists are important as neuraxial adjuvants to improve the
quality of peroperative and postoperative analgesia in high-risk patients and in ambulatory …