The success of checkpoint inhibitors has accelerated the clinical implementation of a vast
mosaic of single agents and combination immunotherapies. However, the lack of clinical …

Checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapies that target cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4
(CTLA4) or the programmed cell death 1 (PD1) pathway have achieved impressive success …

The accepted paradigm for both cellular and anti-tumor immunity relies upon tumor cell
killing by CD8+ T cells recognizing cognate antigens presented in the context of target cell …

Simple Summary The relationship between the immune system and tumours is currently one
of the most studied topics in the field of cancer. Previously, it was thought that a tumour could …

Immune evasion is a hallmark of cancer. Losing the ability to present neoantigens through
human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loss may facilitate immune evasion. However, the …

Cancer immune evasion is a major stumbling block in designing effective anticancer
therapeutic strategies. Although considerable progress has been made in understanding …

The emergence of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)/programmed death-1 (PD-1)–
targeted therapy has demonstrated the importance of the PD-L1: PD-1 interaction in …

The implementation of immune checkpoint inhibitors to the oncology clinic signified a new
era in cancer treatment. After the first indication of melanoma, an increasing list of additional …

Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized cancer therapeutic paradigm
and substantially improved the survival of patients with advanced malignancies. However, a …

Despite major advances in understanding the mechanisms leading to tumor immunity, a
number of obstacles hinder the successful translation of mechanistic insights into effective …