The functions, purposes, and roles of metallothioneins have been the subject of
speculations since the discovery of the protein over 60 years ago. This article guides …

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted remarkable attention due to their powerful
antimicrobial action as well as their particular physicochemical properties. This has led to …

Zinc absorption in the small intestine is one of the main mechanisms regulating the systemic
homeostasis of this essential trace element. This review summarizes the key aspects of …

Zinc is a nutritionally fundamental trace element, essential to the structure and function of
numerous macromolecules, including enzymes regulating cellular processes and cellular …

Mercury (Hg) is a persistent bio-accumulative toxic metal with unique physicochemical
properties of public health concern since their natural and anthropogenic diffusions still …

Almost all heavy metals are serious toxicants as carcinogens. However, due to their
chemical and physiological properties, heavy metals are useful in industrial areas including …

Oxidative stress is a metabolic dysfunction that favors the oxidation of biomolecules,
contributing to the oxidative damage of cells and tissues. This consequently contributes to …

MT1 has been demonstrated to be an essential stress protein in maintaining physiological
balance and regulating immune homeostasis. While the immunological involvement of MT1 …

Arsenic is a trace element found in the earth, s crust at an average concentration of∼ 5 μg/g
(ppm). Although its relative abundance in the earth, s crust is about 54th, arsenic can …

Free radicals are chemical particles containing one or more unpaired electrons, which may
be part of the molecule. They cause the molecule to become highly reactive. The free …