The study of pain in awake animals raises ethical, philosophical, and technical problems.
We review the ethical standards for studying pain in animals and emphasize that there are …

This article discusses the pathophysiology of temporomandibular disorders (TMD)‐related
pain and its treatment with analgesic drugs. Temporomandibular disorders are comprised of …

Many orofacial pain conditions involve inflammation of orofacial tissues and they range from
acute pulpitis (toothache) and mucositis to chronic arthritic conditions affecting the …

This review aims at presenting a current view on the physiopathologic mechanisms
associated with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). While joint pain is characterized by a …

Animal studies have suggested that tissue injury–related increased levels of glutamate may
be involved in peripheral nociceptive mechanisms in deep craniofacial tissues. Indeed …

Peripheral and central sensitizations of the trigeminal nervous system are the main
mechanisms to promote the development and maintenance of chronic orofacial pain …

In addition to using glutamate as a neurotransmitter at central synapses, many primary
sensory neurons release glutamate from peripheral terminals. Primary sensory neurons with …

This study examined the release of several amino acids after induction of knee joint
inflammation in rats using kaolin and carrageenan. During the initial 10-min collection after …

The possible prophylactic effects of local injection of NMDA receptor antagonists that are
currently used in humans was investigated in the present study. Intraplantar pretreatment …

Glutamate receptors (GluRs) are localized in the periphery on nociceptive primary afferent
terminals. Studies in animal models of pain demonstrate that peripheral glutamate is …