Parkinson's disease (PD) is clinically, pathologically, and genetically heterogeneous,
resisting distillation to a single, cohesive disorder. Instead, each affected individual develops …

In Parkinson disease (PD), pathological processes and neurodegeneration begin long
before the cardinal motor symptoms develop and enable clinical diagnosis. In this prodromal …

Objective To update evidence‐based medicine recommendations for treating nonmotor
symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). Background The International Parkinson and …

Parkinson disease is characterized by dopaminergic cell loss in the substantia nigra of the
midbrain. There are various imaging markers for Parkinson disease. Recent advances in …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive and chronic neurodegenerative disease of the
central nervous system. Early treatment for PD is efficient; however, long-term systemic …

Compared to other neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson's disease (PD) is distinctive in
terms of marked symptomatic variability and prognosis, as well as for the wide variety of …

Parkinson's disease involves multiple neurotransmitter systems beyond the classical
dopaminergic circuit, but their influence on structural and functional alterations is not well …

Early identification of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD) has important clinical
and research implications. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of plasma tau …

Background Non‐motor symptoms (NMS) are frequent in Parkinson's disease (PD).
Objectives To estimate the prevalence of NMS and of non‐motor fluctuations (NMF) using …

Despite enormous advances in our current understanding of PD since James Parkinson
described the “shaking palsy” 200 years ago, l‐dopa, in clinical use since the 1960s …