Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) acting as the
first line of defense in the brain by phagocytosing harmful pathogens and cellular debris …

Neuroinflammation is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's
disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Microglia and astrocytes …

Motor cortex (M1) has been thought to form a continuous somatotopic homunculus
extending down the precentral gyrus from foot to face representations,, despite evidence for …

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles with multiple functions. They participate in necrotic cell
death and programmed apoptotic, and are crucial for cell metabolism and survival …

Background Transcranial direct current stimulation has shown promising clinical results,
leading to increased demand for an evidence-based review on its clinical effects. Objective …

Ferroptosis is a type of cell death that was described less than a decade ago. It is caused by
the excess of free intracellular iron that leads to lipid (hydro) peroxidation. Iron is essential …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease
worldwide. Motor deficits usually associated with PD correlate with dopaminergic axonal …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease
worldwide, and its treatment remains a big challenge. The pathogenesis of PD may be …

Organoids are 3D cell culture systems derived from human pluripotent stem cells that
contain tissue resident cell types and reflect features of early tissue organization. Neural …

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. The classical motor
symptoms include resting tremors, bradykinesia, rigidity and postural instability and are …