Biological toxins are entrenched within ecosystems. Thus, animals are often exposed to
such toxins, and how they adapt can be a key determinant of their evolutionary trajectories …

The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch is one of the economically most
important pests in a wide range of outdoor and protected crops worldwide. Its control has …

▪ Abstract Insecticide resistance is an increasing problem in many insect vectors of disease.
Our knowledge of the basic mechanisms underlying resistance to commonly used …

The aphid Myzus persicae is a globally significant crop pest that has evolved high levels of
resistance to almost all classes of insecticide. To date, the neonicotinoids, an economically …

Background Insecticide resistance is one of the best examples of rapid micro-evolution
found in nature. Since the development of the first synthetic insecticide in 1939, humans …

Abstract Specific A-to-I RNA editing, like that seen in mammals, has been reported for
several Drosophila ion channel genes. Drosophila possesses a candidate editing enzyme …

Over 10,000 arthropod species are currently considered to be pest organisms. They are
estimated to contribute to the destruction of~ 14% of the world's annual crop production and …

Simple Summary Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is an invasive moth species and
one of the most destructive pests of maize. It is native to the Americas but recently invaded …

Juvenile hormone analog (JHA) insecticides are relatively nontoxic to vertebrates and offer
effective control of certain insect pests. Recent reports of resistance in whiteflies and …

A variety of enzymes and other proteins are produced by organisms in response to
xenobiotic exposures. Cytochrome P450s (CYP) are one of the major phase I-type classes …