Microbial infections are controlled by host inflammatory responses that are initiated by
innate immune receptors after recognition of conserved microbial products. As inflammation …

Two of the most fascinating bacterial nanomachines—the broadly disseminated rotary
flagellum at the heart of cellular motility and the eukaryotic cell–puncturing injectisome …

Many bacteria have evolved specialized nanomachines with the remarkable ability to inject
multiple bacterially encoded effector proteins into eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells. Known as …

Recent advances have made cryogenic (cryo) electron microscopy a key technique to
achieve near-atomic-resolution structures of biochemically isolated macromolecular …

Virulence-associated type III secretion systems (T3SS) serve the injection of bacterial
effector proteins into eukaryotic host cells. They are able to secrete a great diversity of …

Export of proteins through type III secretion systems is critical for motility and virulence of
many major bacterial pathogens. Three putative integral membrane proteins (FliP, FliQ, FliR) …

Multidrug efflux pumps actively expel a wide range of toxic substrates from the cell and play
a major role in intrinsic and acquired drug resistance. In Gram-negative bacteria, these …

The bacterial type III secretion system, or injectisome, is a syringe shaped nanomachine
essential for the virulence of many disease causing Gram-negative bacteria. At the core of …

Many important gram-negative bacterial pathogens use highly sophisticated type III protein
secretion systems (T3SSs) to establish complex host-pathogen interactions. Bacterial-host …

Bacterial conjugation systems are members of the large type IV secretion system (T4SS)
superfamily. Conjugative transfer of F plasmids residing in the Enterobacteriaceae was first …