Background and objectives: Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) are a group of synthetic
molecules derived from testosterone and its related precursors. AASs are widely used illicitly …

Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are small molecule drugs that function as
either androgen receptor (AR) agonists or antagonists. Variability in AR regulatory proteins …

Central hypogonadism is a clinical condition, characterized by sexual symptoms and low
serum testosterone levels, due to an impaired function of the hypothalamus or pituitary …

In Leydig cell dysfunction, cells respond weakly to stimulation by pituitary luteinizing
hormone, and, therefore, produce less testosterone, leading to primary hypogonadism. The …

Purpose: Intratesticular testosterone is essential for spermatogenesis and can only be
reliably measured with invasive testicular sampling. Previous studies have demonstrated …

Abstract Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) are commonly used for their anabolic effects
and the potentially detrimental consequences are well documented. Most studies focus on …

Health concerns associated with the consumption of food supplements rise in parallel with
the rise in the popularity and market availability of these products. In pursuit of data related …

Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is an important treatment option for men with low
testosterone levels and symptomatic hypogonadism. Various formulations for exogenous …

Introduction Inositols have a key role in ovarian physiology and the literature reports a
wealth of studies about the major isomer, myo-inositol (MI). However, information about d …

Testosterone deficiency is defined as a total testosterone level< 300 ng/dL confirmed on two
early morning lab draws. Testosterone therapy has historically been offered to men with …