Tritrophic interactions between plants, herbivores, and their natural enemies are an integral
part of all terrestrial ecosystems. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) play a key role in …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) modules play key roles in the transduction of
environmental and developmental signals through phosphorylation of downstream signaling …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are endogenously produced by several plant organelles
and compartments, particularly those with high electron transport rates, such as chloroplasts …

Precise allocation of limited resources between growth and defense is critical for plant
survival. In shade-intolerant species, perception of competition signals by informational …

The plant hormone jasmonate (JA) exerts direct control over the production of chemical
defense compounds that confer resistance to a remarkable spectrum of plant-associated …

Sucrose is the main form of assimilated carbon which is produced during photosynthesis
and then transported from source to sink tissues via the phloem. This disaccharide is known …

Recognition and repair of damaged tissue are an integral part of life. The failure of cells and
tissues to appropriately respond to damage can lead to severe dysfunction and disease …

Tumours are a form of pseudo-organs with their own microenvironment where the cancer
cells nurture a dysfunctional immune environment incapable of inciting anti-tumour …

Multicellular organisms suffer injury and serve as hosts for microorganisms. Therefore, they
require mechanisms to detect injury and to distinguish the self from the non-self and the …

As sessile organisms, plants have evolved effective mechanisms to protect themselves from
environmental stresses. Damaged (ie, wounded) plants recognize a variety of endogenous …